1- Retrograde flow in the vertebral artery
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| A 12-mm thick maximum intensity projection reconstruction from CT angiogram shows a complete short segment occlusion of the proximal left subclavian artery with filling of the more distal subclavian artery via the left vertebral artery. Note minor atherosclerotic change at both internal carotid artery origins without significant stenosis. This patient was asymptomatic and was managed without revascularization. |
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| Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) of right carotid-subclavian subclavian steal phenomenon. This tangential aortic arch maximum intensity projection view shows innominate artery occlusion and severe left proximal subclavian artery steno-occlusive lesion. Two-dimensional time-of-flight MRA confirmed retrograde flow in the right vertebral but not in the left vertebral artery. MRA tends to exaggerate the severity of steno-occlusive disease. While this MRA suggests a short occlusion of the left proximal subclavian, a severe stenosis rather than occlusion was documented on conventional catheter arteriography. |
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MR-angiography 3D-TOF showing a cavernous sinus mass and occlusion of
the intracavernous carotid artery.
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| Gadolinium-enhanced axial T1-weighted MR image revealing left cavernous sinus enlargement by isointense lesion with anular enhancing (arrow). |
Reference
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